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On January 22, 1920, Bp. Joseph was made Archbishop of Rostov, a vicariate of the Diocese of Yaroslavl, and later was named administrator of the Diocese of Novgorod for a period to 1925. Over the next few years, Abp. Joseph was often arrested and held for varying periods of time. As the Living Church/renovationist heresy activities spread, Abp. Joseph stayed in the Spaso-Yakovlevsky monastery from which he managed his diocesan responsibilities, including being administrater of the Diocese of Yaroslavl. On May 21, 1924, Patr. Tikhon appointed him to the Holy Synod. On April 12, 1925, he participated in the transfer of Church leadership to Metropolitan Peter after the death of the patriarch. On December 6, 1925, Metr. Peter named him as the third candidate for succession to the position of deputy patriarchal locum tenens after Metrs. Michael (Yermakov) and Sergius (Stragorodsky). In August 1926, he was appointed Metropolitan of Petrograd a choice driven by the insistent request of the believers in Petrograd. Accepting the position "out of obedience", he objected to being metropolitan of Leningrad and used the pre-revolutionary title of Petrograd. On September 13, Metr. Joseph left Petrograd for Moscow, never to return. Confronted with the attempts by OGPU division head Tuchkov to control the Church, action that he opposed, Metr. Joseph was sent to exile in Rostov. After deputy patriarchal locum tenens Sergius was arrested, Metr. Joseph became the deputy for the patriarchal locum tenens, Metropolitan Peter. On December 26, 1926, Metr. Joseph was arrested again and was confined to the former Modensky Nikolayevsky monastery in the Novgorod diocese. In July 1927, Metr. Sergius, having been released from prison, signed his declaration of submission to the Bolsheviks, and on September 17, 1927, he transferred Metr. Joseph from Petrograd to Odessa, probably under pressure from the Bolsheviks. Metr. Joseph immediately refused the transfer, calling it "anti-canonical, ill-advised and pleasing to an evil intrigue in which I will have no part". Over the following months of bitter arguments including separation between the Sergius loyalists and those of Metr, Joseph, Sergius' synod place Metr. Joseph under ban, and was tried and forcefully retired, all of which Metr. Joseph ignored. After his arrest again on September 12, 1930, Metr. joseph was convicted on the following September 3, 1931 of being "the leader of the church-administrative centre of the All-Union counter-revolutionary monarchist organization, `The True Orthodox Church´". He was sentenced to five years in camps, a sentence that was to exile him to the desert of Kazakhstan for five years. On June 24, 1937, Metr. Joseph was arrested on a charge of "counter revolutionary activity". After intense interrogation and questionable confessions, Metr. Joseph was sentenced to death. Metr. Joseph was executed by gun fire on November 20, 1937 in the Lisij Ovrag near Chimkent, Kazakhstan together with Metr. Cyril (Smirnov) of Kazan, Bp. Eugene (Kobranov) of Rostov, and many others. In 1981, Metr. Joseph was locally glorified as a New Martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, but his glorification has not been recognized by the entire Russian Orthodox Church.
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